{"id":6948,"date":"2020-07-23T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-07-23T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dvsnightingstg.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=6948"},"modified":"2021-08-05T09:44:52","modified_gmt":"2021-08-05T13:44:52","slug":"writing-alt-text-for-data-visualization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/writing-alt-text-for-data-visualization\/","title":{"rendered":"Writing Alt Text for Data Visualization"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-lead\" id=\"4328\"><a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/techniques\/alttext\/\">Alt text<\/a>&nbsp;(sometimes called alt tags or alternative text) are written descriptions added to images that convey the meaning of the visual.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/modus.medium.com\/https-medium-com-catherine-mcnally-how-to-write-great-image-alt-text-8ffe75e8d752#fb30\">Good alt text<\/a>&nbsp;helps more people understand the content. Assistive technology like&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NvqasTVoW98\">screen readers<\/a>&nbsp;reads the alt text out loud so users can hear and understand the visual content. People who use screen readers often have a vision impairment. This includes people who are totally blind, but also people with low or impaired vision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"e6ec\">Not writing alt text means that people miss out on content that is necessary, just because it\u2019s visual. It means it\u2019s not accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1308\">Alt Text defined&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/techniques\/alttext\/\"><strong>from Webaim<\/strong><\/a>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>It is read by screen readers in place of images allowing the&nbsp;<strong>content<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>function<\/strong>&nbsp;of the image to be accessible to those with visual or certain cognitive disabilities.<\/p><p>It is displayed in place of the image in browsers if the image file is not loaded or when the user has chosen not to view images.<\/p><p>It provides a semantic meaning and description to images which can be read by search engines or be used to later determine the content of the image from page context alone.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"e33d\">There are&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/techniques\/alttext\/\">many<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cliquestudios.com\/alt-text\/\">resources<\/a>&nbsp;for how to write alt text generally (I list more at the end of this piece), but few that provide guidance for how to write descriptions for data viz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e8f0\">How to write for alt text for data visualization<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"162b\">So how do you write something short that conveys the whole meaning of a visualization? You probably can\u2019t. That doesn\u2019t mean that you shouldn\u2019t try.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Adding alt text is better than not doing anything at all if there\u2019s meaningful information in the image.<\/li><li>Add a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/tutorials\/images\/complex\/#long-descriptions\">long description<\/a>&nbsp;if you can add HTML, to more fully convey the meaning.<\/li><li>Supplement with a link to the raw data, so curious readers can access the data in their own preferred program.<\/li><li>Keep your alt text short. Alt text is read linearly by screen readers, which means that people can\u2019t go back a word if they missed something. For SEO purposes, Google cuts off after a certain amount of characters.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"9489\">The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international Web standards setting community, offers&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/tutorials\/images\/complex\/#long-descriptions\">guidelines for alt text for complex images<\/a>, but it can be difficult to interpret how to apply these to data visualization. Below, I interpret these guidelines to apply to charts and graphs. Refer to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/tutorials\/images\/complex\/#long-descriptions\">W3C guidelines<\/a>&nbsp;for nuance and compliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"1317\">Here\u2019s a simple formula for writing alt text for data visualization:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/2000\/1%2AVP27n1mvh_O4mOtb7pb-hA.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"alt= \u201cChart type of type of data where reason for including chart\u201d Include a link to data source somewhere in the text\"\/><figcaption>Example alt-text format for dataviz<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ad8f\">Chart type<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"dde3\">It\u2019s helpful for people with partial sight to know what chart type it is and gives context for understanding the rest of the visual.<br><em>Example: Line graph<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ce3e\">Type of data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"9fb8\">What data is included in the chart? The x and y axis labels may help you figure this out.<br><em>Example: number of bananas sold per day in the last year<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a245\">Reason for including the chart<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"f051\">Think about&nbsp;<strong>why<\/strong>&nbsp;you\u2019re including this visual. What does it show that\u2019s meaningful. There should be a point to every visual and you should tell people what to look for.<br><em>Example: the winter months have more banana sales<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"f0cd\">Link to data or source<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"71fc\">Don\u2019t include this in your alt text, but it should be included somewhere in the surrounding text. People should be able to click on a link to view the source data or dig further into the visual. This provides transparency about your source and lets people explore the data.<br><em>Example: Data from the&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/data.ers.usda.gov\/reports.aspx?ID=17850\"><em>USDA<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1b3c\">Simple chart alt text example<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/1400\/1%2AuE_oJheTzFwFbwkorxj64A.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Bar chart of gun murders per 100,000 people where America\u2019s murder rate is 6 times worse than Canada, and 30 times Australia\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"c39e\">If I was posting this chart from the&nbsp;<em>New York Times<\/em>&nbsp;article \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2017\/11\/06\/opinion\/how-to-reduce-shootings.html\">How to Reduce Shootings<\/a>\u201d on social media I would include a link to the article and write this alt text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/2000\/1%2ArWJ4IvTfCZZq5OsHa1xDtw.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Bar chart of gun murders per 100,000 people where America\u2019s murder rate is 6 times worse than Canada, and 30 times Australia\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9569\">Complex chart alt text example<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/1400\/1%2A2tE3QiLYzx5xPrZTgV0-eQ.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Colored stripes of chronologically ordered temperatures where they increase in red to show the warming global temperature\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"8732\">If I was posting a less typical chart type like the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/showyourstripes.info\/\">Warming Stripes<\/a>&nbsp;from Ed Hawkins, I would include a link to the source and focus on the meaning behind them for the alt text:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/2000\/1%2AHpYMB0OQTX6hVeN8Kedhfg.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Colored stripes of chronologically ordered temperatures where they increase in red to show the warming global temperature\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"20ef\">How to add alt text<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bcbf\">In HTML code<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"0ee2\">Add&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/tutorials\/images\/complex\/#long-descriptions\">alt text<\/a>&nbsp;<code>alt=\"\"<\/code>&nbsp;to any image that adds meaning inside the image tag&nbsp;<code>&lt;img&gt;<\/code>. Add a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/tutorials\/images\/complex\/#long-descriptions\">long description<\/a>&nbsp;<code>longdesc=\"\"<\/code>&nbsp;when possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4acb\">On Twitter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ad72\">When you add an image, use the add&nbsp;<strong>description button<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>+alt<\/strong>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/using-twitter\/picture-descriptions\">Twitter has full instructions<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/2212\/1%2Aw1bfhwuArbYhn-3O7iO1TA.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/1160\/1%2A-FHVuSHt4l4WIT2gtoJ4yw.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e802\">On Instagram<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"ed1a\">Instagram hides the alt text functionality, but there is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/help.instagram.com\/503708446705527\">documentation on how to add alt text<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Choose a filter and edit the image, then tap&nbsp;<strong>Next<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Tap&nbsp;<strong>Advanced Settings<\/strong>&nbsp;at the bottom of the screen.<\/li><li>Tap&nbsp;<strong>Write Alt Text<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3a33\">In Microsoft Office products<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"f2af\">Microsoft Office has a variety of ways that you can add alt text depending on which program and what version you are using. However, they have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/support.microsoft.com\/en-us\/office\/add-alternative-text-to-a-shape-picture-chart-smartart-graphic-or-other-object-44989b2a-903c-4d9a-b742-6a75b451c669\">extensive documentation on how to add alt text<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"eb2b\">On Medium<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"fdea\">Click on the image in the post.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/modus.medium.com\/https-medium-com-catherine-mcnally-how-to-write-great-image-alt-text-8ffe75e8d752#fb30\">Use the \u201cAlt text\u201d label to write your text<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/miro.medium.com\/max\/1400\/1%2Avu7aUzjZOl2IV3dto6GY1Q.png?w=720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Image showing Medium interface for adding alt text\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"1975\">By writing effective alternative text or alt text and including it when you publish data visualization you provide a way for people who cannot see the image to understand the content so they are not missing out on critical information. Having alt text is necessary in order for the visual content to be accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7f42\">Other reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"eb66\">Alt text<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/tutorials\/images\/complex\/\">Web Accessibility Tutorials: Complex images<\/a>| W3C<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/webaim.org\/techniques\/alttext\/\">Alt Text &amp; Accessibility<\/a>&nbsp;| Web Aim<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/modus.medium.com\/https-medium-com-catherine-mcnally-how-to-write-great-image-alt-text-8ffe75e8d752#fb30\">How to Write Great Image Alt Text<\/a>&nbsp;| Catherine McNally<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/cliquestudios.com\/alt-text\/\">The Right Way to Write Alt Text&nbsp;<\/a>| Natalie Gotko<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"0335\">Accessibility for dataviz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/nightingale\/data-visualization-accessibility-where-are-we-now-and-whats-next-b2c9eeac4e8b\">Data Visualization Accessibility: Where Are We Now, and What\u2019s Next?<\/a>&nbsp;| Melanie Mazanec<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/nightingale\/accessibility-is-at-the-heart-of-data-visualization-64a38d6c505b\">Why Accessibility Is at the Heart of Data Visualization<\/a>&nbsp;| Doug Schepers<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/fossheim.io\/writing\/posts\/accessible-dataviz-design\/\">An intro to designing accessible data visualizations<\/a>&nbsp;| Sarah L. Fossheim<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.storytellingwithdata.com\/blog\/2018\/6\/26\/accessible-data-viz-is-better-data-viz\">5 easy ways to make your data visualization more accessible<\/a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.twitter.com\/amycesal\">Amy Cesal<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"bfea\"><em>Thank you to&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/shepazu\"><em>Doug Schepers<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.twitter.com\/zfurnas\"><em>Zander Furnas<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;for reviewing<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cats\"><span class=\"cats__title\">Categories<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/.\/topics-in-dv\/data-literacy\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Data Literacy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/.\/how-to\/\" rel=\"category tag\">How To<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/.\/topics-in-dv\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Topics in Dataviz<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/.\/how-to\/use-tools\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Use Tools<\/a><\/div><div class=\"tags\"><div class=\"tags__title\">Tags<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/tag\/accessibility\/\" rel=\"tag\">Accessibility<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/tag\/alt-text\/\" rel=\"tag\">alt text<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/tag\/data-literacy\/\" rel=\"tag\">Data Literacy<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/tag\/data-visualization\/\" rel=\"tag\">Data Visualization<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/tag\/how-to\/\" rel=\"tag\">How To<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alt text&nbsp;(sometimes called alt tags or alternative text) are written descriptions added to images that convey the meaning of the visual.&nbsp;Good alt text&nbsp;helps more people..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":6951,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"bgseo_title":"","bgseo_description":"","bgseo_robots_index":"noindex","bgseo_robots_follow":"follow","cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[51,63,48,181],"tags":[125,337,161,35,141],"class_list":["post-6948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-data-literacy","category-how-to","category-topics-in-dv","category-use-tools","tag-accessibility","tag-alt-text","tag-data-literacy","tag-data-visualization","tag-how-to"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Writing Alt Text for Data Visualization | Nightingale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"You probably can\u2019t write text that conveys the entire meaning of a chart. 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Your doodles, like ours, didn\u2019t look like you wanted them to. For many, this disappointment can persist into adult life. As researchers into how people learn data visualization, we\u2019re here to tell you that\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Data Literacy&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Data Literacy","link":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/.\/topics-in-dv\/data-literacy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/image.png?fit=597%2C543&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/image.png?fit=597%2C543&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/image.png?fit=597%2C543&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pd2dsI-1O4","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6948"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6948\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6948"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6948"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nightingaledvs.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}